And as Wells wrote, although Nixon believed Sheehan had been part of a conspiracy involving Ellsberg, the president told his aide H.R. [17] He graduated from Stoneham High School in 1937. Wolfe has pleaded not guilty. Had they refused to testify, they could have been cited for contempt and jailed. “I met him at midnight under the marquee of the Mayflower Hotel in the heart of Washington. The Houston field office examined his Texaco charge account and found no purchases during that time (but noted he had a credit balance of $27.65). The Post joined the fray in a journalistic deed dramatized in the 2017 movie The Post. "[68] Arthur S. Hayes, Fordham University professor, wrote in his 2008 book Press Critics Are the Fifth Estate that Bagdikian has been "farsighted, inspirational, influential, long lasting, and a forerunner. In the most recent document released—a June 5, 1972, report—agents at the field office there said they had reviewed passenger records at Northeast Airlines under his name. “I had to get an extra phone on my desk,” he recalled in a 2006 oral history for the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI. The records are still obviously incomplete; they don’t mention, for instance, how the Justice Department ultimately resolved its investigations of Bagdikian and other journalists who obtained the Pentagon Papers, a question that has been raised in several accounts of the case. Bureau agents asked the Department of Defense to provide this data “as soon as possible.”  Â. [8][14] He was named Professor Emeritus upon departure. The effects of publishing the Pentagon Papers remain timely: setting important legal precedents involving constitutionally demarcated congressional and executive powers; holding accountable an increasingly corporatized publishing industry that, by kowtowing to political pressure, abdicated editorial responsibility; drawing the president of the United States out as a power monger, willing to flout the … Meanwhile, several other newspapers around the country obtained parts of the study and ran their own stories. Then, as now, the White House was occupied by a president hostile toward journalists. "[8] Edward Wasserman, the dean of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism at the time of his death, Bagdikian was a "major figure in 20th century US journalism and journalism education, and we’re all his beneficiaries. An Armenian Genocide survivor, Bagdikian moved to the United States as an infant and began a journalism career after serving in World War II. It is shameful in some parts, as when respected Presidents signed international agreements only to tell ten minutes later their personnel to start working on the contrary that was agreed. “I don’t know how many nights we noticed it, but we started becoming concerned,” she says. He authored several books, including 1983’s. He wrote that some 50 corporations controlled what most people in the United States read and watched. They conducted pretext interviews with an “unidentified female” at Bagdikian’s home and with his “immediate neighbors,” collecting information that “strongly suggests” something that was redacted. [13] While escaping persecution, Bagdikian was dropped in the snow in the mountains while the family was climbing. He dialed the number given on the note, and a voice said an old friend would call back on another public phone. Agents checked with a credit bureau to identify his charge accounts, then contacted credit card companies around the country to gather “any information available regarding charges made by Bagdikian during the period June thirteen to seventeen, last.”. [9] His mother's family was well-off, while his father came from a peasant family. He played a role in obtaining and publishing portions of The Pentagon Papers and is the author of The Media Monopoly. Bagdikian arranged a rendezvous in Boston that night by leaving another coded message: “Mr. Only an infant, he was thought to be dead. ’s phones may have been tapped or that there was an informant at the paper, he told me that because he was working on the paper’s city desk at the time and not involved in the Pentagon Papers story, he had no knowledge of these concerns. The Bagdikian investigation was a harbinger of the way current leak inquiries have come to encompass a broad range of personal and professional information concerning reporters—and starkly shows that the reach of such probes has been greatly extended through the ubiquity of digital records.Â. How the Trump administration handles future leak investigations remains to be seen. New York City agents’ initial review of American Express records showed no charges, so they expanded it to cover six months because “Bagdikian’s activities and past relationship with [name redacted] have become of greater investigative interest.” Still, the only charge they discovered was a $15 American Express annual renewal fee. He promptly placed several calls but didn’t reach Ellsberg. He also served as a local reporter. [84], The fellowship program of the progressive magazine Mother Jones is named for Bagdikian due to his "professional record, his personal integrity, and his commitment to social justice. "[10] Later in adulthood, Bagdikian became a member of the First Unitarian Church of Providence, a Unitarian Universalist congregation in Rhode Island. Soon he was speaking with Ellsberg. He noted, "The job of the celebrity is to be observed, to make sure others learn about him or her, to be the object of attention rather than an observer. [...] If you were to ask Noam Chomsky and so many other folks who have really identified the challenges of media today, they all go back to Bagdikian, this incredible journalist, an Armenian-American immigrant who became the best in his field and then stepped out of his field, became a critic and a commentator, and essentially said, "Look, this monopolization is going to put so much power in a handful of corporate elites that we will begin to lose journalism." Bagdikian and Journal editor and publisher Sevellon Brown won a Peabody Award in 1951 for their "most exacting, thorough and readable check-up of broadcasts" of Walter Winchell, Drew Pearson, and Fulton Lewis, leading TV and radio commentators. [14][5] He was a member of the staff that received the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, Edition Time for coverage of a bank robbery in East Providence (including an ensuing police chase and hostage standoff) that resulted in the death of a patrolman. He died in 2016, at age 96, in Berkeley, California. While the high court had left open the possibility that the Times and Post could face criminal prosecution for publishing the papers, he noted, Nixon may have simply wanted to avoid a legal battle with the press during his reelection campaign. ; from 1976 to 1990 he was a professor at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, and he was its dean from 1985 to 1988. He did graduate work at the American University of Beirut. [32][26] Subsequently, he was a Washington-based contributing editor of The Saturday Evening Post from 1963 to 1967. Ben-Hur Haig Bagdikian, born in Marash, Ottoman Empire on January 30, 1920, was the fifth and youngest child of Aram Baghdikian (1882−1957) and Dudeh "Daisy" Uvezian (1886−1923).  Â, The FBI pursued a criminal investigation of the Pentagon Papers leaks, working with federal grand juries in Boston and Los Angeles. Medsger says she does not recall hearing about the alleged photocopying or about a part-time Post employee who was an FBI source. Ben H. Bagdikian, Reporter of Broad Range and Conscience, Dies at 96 Ben Bagdikian in 1976. Ben was a journalist’s journalist—from his years as a local reporter to his years at the Washington Post (where he played a crucial role in publishing the Pentagon Papers and went undercover as an inmate in a maximum-security prison). Bagdikian declared that “the way to assert the right to publish is to publish,” and threatened to quit if they didn’t. The FBI also tracked some of the Sheehans’ movements and phone calls in Cambridge, according to Tom Wells’s biography of Ellsberg, Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg. And although he requested “all” his records under FOIA in 1975, the FBI withheld records on the part he played in the Pentagon Papers case, not releasing them until now. The January 27, 1972 report indicates that the man gave the FBI the names of four, employees who he claimed were present with the columnist Jack Anderson, “who aided in the duplication,” but. Nor was Bagdikian subpoenaed or questioned by the FBI, says Medsger. [18] He thereafter attended Clark University, in Worcester, Massachusetts, as a pre-medical student. Both Bagdikian and Medsger were determined to protect their respective sources, even if it meant going to jail. Historian David Rudenstine wrote in his 1996 book on the Pentagon Papers case, The Day the Presses Stopped, that Attorney General Mitchell thought the government had little chance of convicting any journalist since it had already failed, in its effort to enjoin publication, to prove that publication of the papers had irreparably harmed national security. "[5] He described the treatment of news about tobacco and related health issues as "one of the original sins of the media," because "for decades, there was suppression of medical evidence ... plain suppression. FBI agents questioned a source, who may have been a part-time, employee, about what he said was the alleged photocopying of the Pentagon Papers that occurred at the, on June 30, 1971, the day the Supreme Court declined to block publication. They wouldn’t talk to us, and they drove away. Concerned that some of the Post’s phones might be tapped and that there could be an FBI informant on the staff of the newspaper, Bagdikian later recounted, he quickly crossed the street to the Statler Hilton Hotel and its bank of pay phones. The table of contents listed sections on the investigation at RAND, on people reportedly present when Ellsberg copied documents in October 1969, and on “bank records,” among other topics. They wouldn’t talk to us, and they drove away. Meanwhile, several other newspapers around the country obtained parts of the study and ran their own stories. could face criminal prosecution for publishing the papers, he noted, Nixon may have simply wanted to avoid a legal battle with the press during his reelection campaign. His car was parked and I pulled up abreast of it. No rain in sight. Had they refused to testify, they could have been cited for contempt and jailed. [44], In an interview with PBS's Frontline Bagdikian stated that while the First Amendment allows newspapers to print anything, especially unpopular things, newspapers have an implied moral obligation to be responsible, because of their power on popular opinion and because the First Amendment was "framed with the supposition that there would be multiple sources of information. All told, in response to the appeal, the FBI processed 170 pages, withholding 35 pages in full and releasing 135 pages with redactions of information the bureau claims is exempt because it concerns personal privacy, law enforcement, or grand jury proceedings. So far, three Trump prosecutions have surfaced. One document indicates that the FBI was casting a broad net for evidence about these newspapers, as well. Government agents focused on Times reporter Sheehan and his wife, New Yorker staff writer Susan Sheehan, subpoenaing their bank records and questioning their neighbors, Ungar wrote. [6][10][7] His family knew English well. [4] He described the McCarthy era as "very reactionary. On August 18, the Boston field office asked FBI headquarters for the names of Washington newspaper correspondents “possibly pertinent to this investigation.” The following day, the Los Angeles field office suggested that the Boston and New York City field offices “be alert for information concerning [the] following additional correspondents when checking airline and hotel records.” Listed were the late Derick Daniels, an editor with Knight Newspapers; the late newspaper columnist Jack Anderson; a journalist with Dispatch News Service whose name is redacted; and Bagdikian. His topics included civil rights and prisons to the Pentagon Papers. [74] McChesney argued that Bagdikian was "certainly accorded more respect by working journalists" than Herman and Chomsky, the authors of Manufacturing Consent, due to their perceived radicalism, in contrast to Bagdikian's liberal views. ’s personnel department “concerning her knowledge of Bagdikian.” She described their limited contacts and said she assumed Bagdikian had helped her get the job, a report says, but she had no pertinent information. A less redacted copy of the memo was released to Vice News last year, but the FBI withheld all other documents concerning Bagdikian’s part in the Pentagon Papers case, according to the Vice report.). Bagdikian suspected the FBI might investigate how he got the papers—it had been reported that a federal grand jury in Boston was investigating possible criminal charges against The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Boston Globe in connection with the publication of the report—but he evidently did not know that the bureau actually examined his role. he said he knew nothing of how Bagdikian had obtained the papers. H,” and “See that Bagdikian is not on our mailing lists and gets no cooperation. "[64], He appeared on KPFK along with Serj Tankian and Peter Balakian on April 24, 2005 to talk about the Armenian Genocide. "The Pentagon Papers" sits the reader right inside the White House and the Pentagon, to witness the decisions taken to put in place a series of measures directed, mainly, to fool the world.  Bagdikian, then the assistant managing editor for national news at the Post, had instantly thought the Times’s source might be Ellsberg, whom he knew from RAND, the Santa Monica–based think tank where Ellsberg had been a strategic analyst and where Bagdikian had written a book on the media, The Information Machines. “The Supreme Court decision probably signalizes not the triumphant end,” he wrote, “but the start of a struggle.”, ICYMI: Former NYT editor warns paper to be careful with Trump coverage. They interviewed associates and acquaintances, including at least one former. The university president, Wallace Walter Atwood, suspected it was too closely associated with communism. mailroom, several months before the Pentagon Papers story broke, led her and Bagdikian to believe he was an FBI informant. [8] He taught at University of California, Berkeley from 1976 until his retirement in 1990. The FBI sent him 93 pages (which were later released to other requesters as well) that mainly concerned articles he had written in the 1950s and 1960s. It has long been known that the FBI aggressively investigated the 1971 leaking of the classified study of the Vietnam War to newspapers, in particular examining the activities of Neil Sheehan, the, who first obtained the Pentagon Papers. Two days later, the Nixon administration, contending that the disclosures would cause “irreparable harm” to national security, obtained a temporary injunction stopping the,  Bagdikian, then the assistant managing editor for national news at the. Bagdikian has been hailed for his ethical standards and has been described by Robert W. McChesney as one of the finest journalists of the 20th century. Nixon sought to discredit critical journalists, and Vice President Spiro Agnew derided the press corps as “nattering nabobs of negativism.” Trump, for his part, has often attacked stories critical of his administration as “fake news,” called reporters dishonest, and characterized the media as “the enemy of the people.”. For instance, FBI agents secretly reviewed Bagdikian’s credit card purchases, as well as phone, airline, and hotel records for information about his travels, communications, and interactions. Activists had broken into the FBI’s office in Media, Pennsylvania, and sent copies of the files to journalists, as Medsger described in her 2014 book, The Burglary: The Discovery of J. Edgar Hoover’s Secret FBI.). “We were so busy.”, In 1971, the investigation was code-named “MC LEK,” a cryptonym for “McNamara Leak.” That June, the Justice Department obtained an indictment charging Ellsberg with theft and espionage, and that December it obtained a superseding indictment that added a conspiracy charge and named Anthony Russo, a RAND analyst, as a co-conspirator. Activists had broken into, the FBI’s office in Media, Pennsylvania, and sent copies of the files. The Washington field office sent Baltimore agents a photograph of Bagdikian, apparently to show to the source who had reported the photocopying. "[85], Bagdikian was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame on October 30, 2016. The FBI initially withheld those records from me as well, releasing them and other records on him from that investigation only after I made an administrative appeal to the Justice Department. The previously undisclosed information adds new details to prior accounts about the Nixon administration’s response to the disclosure of the Pentagon Papers. (The other, Bagdikian’s earlier writings and date back to 1959.) It is to the public. BERKELEY, CALIF.—Ben H. Bagdikian, a renowned journalist, newspaper executive, media critic and professor who helped publish the Pentagon Papers and for … After Esquire published an article on the Pentagon Papers case by the journalist Sanford J. Ungar in May 1972, a memo says, FBI agents noted that the story reported that Bagdikian had placed calls to Ellsberg and a second person from the phone booths at the Statler Hilton the previous June 16, and had then flown to Boston to get the papers. Although he requested ‘all’ his records under FOIA in 1975, the FBI withheld records on the part he played in the Pentagon Papers case, not releasing them until now. his Texaco charge account and found no purchases during that time (but noted he had a credit balance of $27.65). They must take steps to protect themselves and their sources even before they start reporting. for a possible prosecution. It has long been known that the FBI aggressively investigated the 1971 leaking of the classified study of the Vietnam War to newspapers, in particular examining the activities of Neil Sheehan, the New York Times reporter who first obtained the Pentagon Papers. It was Ben Bagdikian who was the seer. for instance, the New York City field office reported that the, had published a special issue on the Pentagon Papers case for the magazine’s 10th anniversary, and agents were “attempting to secure a copy of this publication for review.” They took particular interest in a story by Bagdikian, headlined “What did we learn?”, were soon circulated to other field offices with a cover memo marked “Espionage.” (Although the FBI released a copy of this memo to Bagdikian in response to his FOIA request, the bureau redacted all references to the leak investigation, obscuring its investigation of him. He carried two boxes filled with thousands of pages of the study, fearing, as he recalled in the 2010 oral history, that if they spilled out at the airport, “the FBI would have me in hand immediately.” Â, Bagdikian promptly delivered the pages to the home of, executive editor Ben Bradlee, where a team of reporters rushed to prepare articles in one room, while in the next editors argued with the newspaper’s lawyers, who warned against publishing in light of the injunction against the. , and other newspapers. He did not mention it in his writings or in the. On August 4, FBI headquarters sent the field offices a list of newspapers that had published material from the Pentagon Papers and referencing “data” required for leak investigations. "[55] The book went into 5 more editions—in 1987, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2000. "[59] The book was criticized by Jake Shafer for alleged bias. Medsger says she does not recall hearing about the alleged photocopying or about a part-time, employee who was an FBI source. With further publication at least temporarily blocked in New York, Ellsberg contacted Bagdikian and arranged to deliver an additional copy of the Pentagon Papers to the Post. "[29] In 1997 Bagdikian opined that "criticizing capitalism has never been a popular subject in the general news. "[86], "Never forget that your obligation is to the people. On June 13, 1971, the Times began publishing stories based on the Defense Department study. The investigation also examined Bagdikian’s role in the, In response to my FOIA appeal, the FBI released 40 documents, 33 of them from the portions of the bureau’s Pentagon Papers leak investigation that concern Bagdikian. As Ungar wrote in his 1972 book about the Pentagon Papers, , the Boston grand jury seemed intent on tracing how each newspaper received the Pentagon Papers and indicting all involved. "[8] He described himself as an "Armenian overlaid by, of all things, the culture of New England Yankee. In 1971 the White House set up a secret unit—later known as the Plumbers—to investigate Ellsberg, discredit him by leaking derogatory information about him to the press, and thus discourage him and others from leaking more secrets. But the Sheehans were neither subpoenaed nor indicted. On August 5, the Washington, DC, field office asked the Baltimore field office to reinterview a source to “determine the exact identities of the Miami and Boston newspapers reportedly present at the…Washington Post…during the Xeroxing of the documents reported by [redacted].” The released records do not provide further details about the copying, or when it occurred, but suggest that representatives of those newspapers were present at the time. His family left Marash on February 9, 1920, just ten days after Ben was born. ELLSBERG HAD HELPED PREPARE the 47-volume history of the Vietnam War that was commissioned by then–secretary of defense Robert McNamara and became known as the Pentagon Papers. Although no reporter has been prosecuted, Trump told then–FBI director James Comey that it might be useful to jail, reporters who publish classified information, according to news accounts. They had also canvassed seven motels and hotels in the Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, area, as well as the Hertz and Avis car rental agencies. Ben H. Bagdikian, a key figure in the publication of the Pentagon Papers by The Washington Post in 1971, which resulted in a momentous legal victory supporting freedom of the press, who later became an influential educator and media critic, died March 11 at … “The fact that this happened over 45 years ago and we’re just finding out about it now makes you wonder how many other times the government went to this length to spy on journalists in secret. 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