In limed soils calcium may immobilize iron. K sp = [Ca 2+][CO 3 2-] = 5 x 10-9 Although calcite crystals belong to the trigonal crystal system, shown below, a wide variety of crystal shapes are found.Single calcite crystals display an optical property called birefringence (double refraction). $45.82 $ 45. Drinking water hardness must be above 8.4 odH. Though water hardness is a concern, a water softener can remove calcium from the water. Our recipe generally includes eggshells (as many as you can find) and vinegar. The reaction mechanism for carbon weathering is: H2O + CO2 -> H2CO3 and CaCO3 + H2CO3 -> Ca(HCO3)2 And the total reaction mechanism: CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) -> Ca2+ (aq) + 2 HCO3- (aq) The product is calcium hydrogen carbonate. Magnesium is the other hardness determinant. These must be regenerates with kitchen salt, and therefore burden wastewater. Cookies ensure that our website works properly. Which water purification technologies can be applied to remove calcium from water? Calcium carbonate has a solubility of 14 mg/L, which is multiplied by a factor five in presence of carbon dioxide. They're to increase the amount of calcium in your diet - you need it for strong bones and strong teeth, amongst other things. Consequently, hard water better protects fishes from direct metal uptake. Contrary to magnesium placed directly above calcium in the periodic chart, elementary calcium reacts with water at room temperature, according to the following reaction mechanism: Ca (s) + 2H2O (g) -> Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g) This reaction forms calcium hydroxide that dissolves in water as a soda, and hydrogen gas. Not all water soluble calcium techniques are the same, but they all have a universal idea with similar ingredients. Seawater contains approximately 400 ppm calcium. The solubility of calcium carbonate in water is very low, e.g., below 1 gram per litre at 20 °C under 1 atmosphere CO 2 pressure. Contents It contains 40% elemental calcium, the highest of any form. Designed by field men for field men, this valuable tool is essential for site managers, environmental managers, quality managers, maintenance managers, stakeholders in sustainable development, water agencies, documentation centers in universities, consultants, local authority technical departments, water management companies, etc. In what way and in what form does calcium react with water? The concentration of calcium ions (Ca 2+) in freshwater is found in a range of 0 to 100 mg/L, and usually has the highest concentration of any freshwater cation. At times referred to as trace mineral drops, Electrolyte Blends are … It may dissolve from rocks such as limestone, marble, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, fluorite and apatite. Calcium is a mineral that is found naturally in foods. As a consequence of the above, water hardness, measured by its TH (in F°) will vary widely from one area to the next (tables 43 and 44). A particular feature of calcium bicarbonate is that it only exists in the dissolved form; when it precipitates, it does so in the calcium carbonate form, one that is only slightly soluble and it can only remain in water when it is balanced out by available CO2: As the CO2 content has an influence on pH, we can conclude that, for a given mineralisation (fixed CaH and M-alk. What are the health effects of calcium in water? Calcium chromate solubility is 170 g/L, and at 0oC calcium hypo chlorate solubility is 218 g/L. Removing calcium and magnesium ions from water is carried out by water softeners. Metallic calcium corrodes the skin when it comes in contact with skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Drinking water pH and hardness may be altered by means of calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide. The 3M Whole House Water Treatment Media is calcite, a calcium carbonate filter media used to neutralize acidic or low pH water to a neutral, less corrosive effluent level in residential and commercial applications. The metal is applies for zirconium and thorium production. The most common form is called plaster dust, where low-LSI tap water fills a newly plastered pool and begins dissolving calcium in the cement. Solubility of calcium and calcium compounds Elementary calcium reacts with water. ), carbonate removal using sodium hydroxide may be an option (alternative: lime + sodium carbonate). The evidence proves that calcium carbonate have been detected in more than one location specifically in Gusev and Huygens hallows. It is also the least water-soluble calcium salt, making it difficult to use in drinks [ 5 ]. Calcium carbonate has a solubility of 14 mg/L, which is multiplied by a factor five in presence of carbon dioxide. What is calcium carbonate? An average value for the K sp of calcium carbonate is about 5 x 10-9. Electrolyte Blends/Mineral Drops. The calculator uses the formula below: TOTAL PERMANENT HARDNESS = MAGNESIUM HARDNESS + CALCIUM HARDNESS. Calcium phosphate is required for bone structure and teeth structure of terrestrial organisms. When carbon dioxide is present carbonic acid is formed, affecting calcium compounds. Corrosion damage to pipes, faucets, dish washers and hot water heaters is eliminated. It has medical use as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but … No other element is more abundant in the body. It may also decrease the risk of heart conditions. Calcium phosphate is a supporting substance, and it causes bone and tooth growth, together with vitamin D. Calcium is also present in muscle tissue and in the blood. 47 mg/L in normal atmospheric conditions. Calcium carbonate is abundantly available in nature as limestone, chalkboard, or marble and CaCO 3 fillers from these minerals can be produced at very low cost. Calcium carbonate treats water with a pH greater than 6 and synthetic magnesium oxide will treat water with a pH below 6. The substances are listed in alphabetical order. Hard water may assist in strengthening bones and teeth because of its high calcium concentration. Calcium carbonate appears as white, odorless powder or colorless crystals. Calcium carbonate is abundant in nature. It is required for cell membrane development and cell division, and it is partially responsible for muscle contractions and blood clotting. Amazon's Choice for calcium water ... APEC PHPLUSKIT-14 US MADE 10" Alkaline High Purity pH+ Calcium Carbonate Inline Filter Kit with 1/4" Quick Connect. In pure water, calcium carbonate is poorly soluble i.e. This shows indication of presence of liquid water also. Two types of carbonate minerals are listed in the table above. In a watery solution calcium is mainly present as Ca2+ (aq), but it may also occur as CaOH+ (aq) or Ca(OH)2 (aq), or as CaSO4 in seawater. Calcium oxide is a dehydrating molluscicide. Before we even embark on a theoretical interpretation of calcium carbonate dissolution/precipitation phenomena, it is quite logical to deduce that water with low salt contents will have retained a dissolution capacity with regard to the materials they come into contact with (recipients, pipes …). When acid water is passed through the APEX filter, the granular calcium carbonate neutralizes the acids and gives the water a neutral pH and eliminates the damaging, corrosive properties. Calcium phosphate solubility is 20 mg/L, and that of calcium fluoride is 16 mg/L. Among the various forms of calcium salts added to supplements, calcium carbonate is the most common. 82. It is an odorless, water-insoluble, white colored crystal that can be most commonly found in nature. Literature and the other elements and their interaction with water, Distributieweg 3 2645 EG Delfgauw The Netherlands Phone: +31 152 610 900 fax: +31 152 616 289 e-mail: info@lenntech.com, 5975 Sunset Drive South Miami, FL 33143 USA Phone: +1 877 453 8095 e-mail: info@lenntech.com, Level 5 - OFFICE #8-One JLT Tower Jumeirah Lake Towers Dubai - U.A.E. The hardness of water depends on its source. Installing a Household Water Softener Yourself Determine if you are able to install a water softener … E.g. Its solubility is strongly influenced by partial pressure of CO 2, temperature, and concentration of other salts in solution. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is created when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to create limescale. Softening is often carried out by means of ion exchangers. These values stand as the molar mass of several related compounds. Low solubility granite structures are associated with water that has a low salt content but that is likely to contain a lot of CO2 (depending on the quality of the upper layers); conversely, alluvial or karstic areas will produce water with high ion concentrations, especially Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3– ions. Rivers generally contain 1-2 ppm calcium, but in lime areas rivers may contains calcium concentrations as high as 100 ppm. Therefore, we can "classify" water on the basis of its pH compared with this pHS: Note: later on, we shall see that the pHs value of water rises as its M-alk. (figure 99) for a pH that is systematically set to 8 (discharge into a mains system), lightly mineralised water will have a higher pHs and will, therefore, still be aggressive; on the other hand, a more mineralised water will have a lower pHs and will, therefore, be scale-forming; this explains the degree of "correlation" that links soft water with aggressive water, or hard water with scale-forming water, despite different meanings. Calcium in water causes the water to become hard, which makes cleaning difficult and causes calcium buildup in your appliances. But what about their less showy cousins, like seltzer water, sparkling water, soda water, and tonic water? pH values of 4.5-4.9 may harm salmon eggs and grown salmons, when the calcium, sodium and chlorine content is low. Calcium Carbonate and Water Minerals containing calcium carbonate have different solubilities in water. Within the cement, the most soluble form of calcium is called calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2. In order to stimulate these body functions a daily intake of about 1000 mg of calcium is recommended for adults. Phone: +971 4 429 5853 e-mail: info@lenntech.com, Copyright © 1998-2021 Lenntech B.V. All rights reserved, Plant Inspection & Process Optimalisation, Separation and Concentration Purification Request, elements and their interaction with water. Calcium compounds may be applied for wastewater treatment. 1-16 of over 1,000 results for "calcium water filter" Price and other details may vary based on size and color. Calcium carbonate is relatively insoluble in water, but dissolves more readily in water containing significant levels of dissolved carbon dioxide. Conversely, water with high salt contents and especially salts belonging to the alkaline earths, can deposit the less soluble of these salts; they will tend to create deposits that result in the formation of crystals at the solid-liquid interface. Limestone is applied as a paper filler, causing paper to colour whiter, and in plastics to improve stability. One of the advantages of calcium carbonate is its self-limiting property. Women need calcium to ward off osteoporosis; men need it too, although there may be a link between very high calcium … Calcium compounds are more or less water soluble. Calcium carbonate works as a stomach acid remedy and may be applied to resolve digestive failure. Calcium often positively affects soil quality and various compounds are applied as a fertilizer. The principal mineral component of limestone is a crystalline form of calcium carbonate known as calcite. On the downside, its absorption rate is relatively low: only around 22%. Water systems using groundwater as a source are concerned with water hardness, since as water moves through soil and rock it dissolves small amounts of naturally-occurring minerals and carries them into the groundwater supply.Water is a great solvent for calcium and magnesium, so if the minerals are present in the soil around a water-supply well, hard water may be delivered to homes. (and, therefore, its mineralisation) decreases. This may be achieved by consuming dairy, grains and green vegetables. Calcium is an important determinant of water harness, and it also functions as a pH stabilizer, because of its buffering qualities. Calcium storage in plants is about 1% of dry mass. Precipitation of calcium carbonate (lime) is a common clogging problem in microirrigation systems. ), there will be a pH value for the equilibrium between this water and the calcium carbonate: this value is termed the Langelier pHor saturation pH hence the designation "pHS" (the corresponding CO2 content then being know as the balancing CO2, a concept that will be quantified further on). The most commonly used source of calcium carbonate for supplements is oyster shells. This may cause iron shortages, even when plenty of iron is present in the soil. When one takes up large amounts of calcium this may negatively influence human health. Calcium is a determinant of water hardness, because it can be found in water as Ca2+ ions. As discussed in the sections water’s chemistry, terms used by water analysts and natural water, it is the geological structure of the ground that collects, drains and stores water and that helps to determine the water’s "appearance". 4.6 out of 5 stars 147. Calcium compounds are more or less water soluble. By continuing to browse this website, you accept third-party cookies used to carry out user behavior research in order to help us improve current content and functionalities. This prevents lead from dissolving in drinking water, and thereby prevents it from entering the human body. With a hard water calculator, you can find overall permanent hardness. The lethal dose of oral uptake is about 5-50 mg/ kg body weight. As it flows on the surface (rivers-lakes), water enters into an equilibrium with the atmosphere, receives pollution… all of which contributes to the gradual change in its original properties. The LD50 of rats for calcium arsenite is 20 mg/ kg body weight. Complex formation causes a decrease in detergent efficiency, resulting in requirement for increased detergent application and softener purchases (see also magnesium and water). Shells that dissolve add more calcium carbonate to the water, making it harder for other shells to dissolve and lowering the dissolving depth. Why is calcium present in water? Calcium is also a constituent of coral. Untreated water flows through the filter, which is filled with calcium carbonate (limestone) or a synthetic magnesium oxide medium. One of the main reasons for the abundance of calcium in water is its natural occurrence in the earth's crust. Calcium also competes with other ions for binding spots in the gills. The calcium and magnesium stand as the concentration of both elements stated as calcium carbonate. SUEZ's degremont® water handbook offers to water treatment professionals, fundamental concepts of water treatment processes and technologies as well as degremont® solutions applied to treatment line and adapted to each use of water. Hard water is water containing high concentrations of dissolved minerals, usually calcium or magnesium carbonates (CaCO­ 3 or MgCO 3), chlorides (CaCl 2 or MgCl 2) or sulphates (CaSO 4 or MgSO 4). This material dissolves in the water and raises its pH level. Calcium lactate may aid the body during periods of calcium deficiency, and calcium chloride is a diuretic. Three forms of CaCO 3 fillers are used; arranged in the order of purity, they are dry processed, beneficiated, and precipitated. Calcium carbonate is considered a soft, nonabrasive filler. Calcium carbonate comes in supplement tablets. Calcium is largely responsible for water hardness, and may negatively influence toxicity of other compounds. Today, we know of eight instable calcium isotopes. Under normal conditions calcium carbonate is water insoluble. There are many brands and forms of calcium carbonate available. Calcium is necessary for many normal functions of the body, especially bone formation and maintenance. Other important calcium reaction mechanisms are erosion reactions. What are the environmental effects of calcium in water? This may dramatically decrease the lifespan of equipment, and causes an increase of domestic waste. Munich, Dublin, and London are examples of classic water sources that exhibit high calcium carbonate levels. Eggshells carry lots of calcium carbonate, but it is trapped within the eggshell and needs to be extracted. Calcium carbonate is formed by the solvent action of carbon dioxide present in rain or surface water, which then reacts with minerals present in the earth such as calcite or dolomite. A particular feature of calcium bicarbonate is that it only exists in the dissolved form; when it precipitates, it does so in the calcium carbonate form, one that is only slightly soluble and it can only remain in water when it is balanced out by available CO 2: 45Ca is highly radioactive and toxic. Some environmental effects of water hardness include hardening of domestic equipment, because high temperatures cause carbonate hardness. These usually occur when carbon dioxide is present. There are six stable calcium isotopes. Calcium carbonate is used to prevent or to treat a calcium deficiency. Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. Water hardness influences aquatic organisms concerning metal toxicity. Calcium is a dietary mineral that is present in the human body in amounts of about 1.2 kg. fundamental physical-chemical engineering processes applicable to water treatment, fundamental biological engineering processes applicable to water treatment, flocculators – settling tanks – flotation units, degasification, odour control, evaporation, treatment and conditioning of industrial water, industrial processes and effluent treatment, removing hardness (calcium and magnesium), demineralisation line calculation principle, operation and maintenance of a total demineralisation unit, purpose of oxidation-reduction treatments, fundamental concepts on the oxidation-reduction chemical reaction, theoretical bases for gas/liquid exchanges, Click here to create your account in order to view the illustrations. Ground calcium carbonate (CAS: 1317-65-3) results directly from the mining of limestone. Calcium can extract sulphur dioxide from industrial exhaust, and neutralize sulphuric acids before discharge. Although many salts dissolve in water, calcium carbonate does so only to a very insignificant degree, which is why shells of aquatic creatures do not dissolve. Calcium is a dietary requirement for all organisms apart from some insects and bacteria. Calcium carbonate is a building stone of skeletons of most marine organisms, and eye lenses. Calcium carbide forms flammable ethyn when it comes in contact with water and is therefore considered hazardous. Calcium carbonate has a positive effect on lead water pipes, because it forms a protective lead(II)carbonate coating. Practically insoluble in water.Occurs extensive in rocks world-wide. Calcium may also be applied for removal of carbon and sulphur from iron and iron alloys, and for dewatering oil. In steal industries calcium is applied as a blotter, and is added to aluminium, copper and lead alloys. Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound containing Ca 2+ and CO 3 2-ions. For example, CaCl2- or Ca(NO)3 solutions are applied in horticulture. Examples of calcium concentrations in water organisms: seaweed luctuca 800-6500 ppm (moist mass), oysters approximately 1500 ppm (dry mass). Calcium is naturally present in water. Solubility of other calcium compounds lies between the levels of these examples, for example calcium arsenate 140 mg/L, calcium hydroxide 1.3 g/L and calcium sulphate 2.7-8.8 g/L. It can be found in any part of the world, and Calcium carbonate is naturally present in egg shells, limestone, marble, seashells It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite (most notably as limestone, which is a type of sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcite) and is the main component of eggs, snails, seashells and pearls. For example, water that has a TH < 5 °F will be termed "soft", and "hard" from a TH of between 15 and 20°C. Calcium is present in various construction materials, such as cement, brick lime and concrete. Calcite is a naturally occurring calcium carbonate media. Calcium carbonate interacts with detergents and cleansing agents. Various calcium compounds may be toxic. Calcium regulates membrane activity, it assists nerve impulse transfer and hormone release, stabilizes the pH of the body, and is an essential part of conception. Calcium occurs in water naturally. The table below provides information on the variation of solubility of different substances (mostly inorganic compounds) in water with temperature, at one atmosphere pressure.Units of solubility are given in grams per 100 millilitres of water (g/100 mL), unless shown otherwise. In what way and in plastics to improve stability body functions a intake. Lead ( II ) carbonate coating permanent hardness = magnesium hardness + calcium hardness problem in microirrigation systems K... A positive effect on lead water pipes, faucets, dish washers and hot water is! Responsible for water hardness include hardening of domestic equipment, because high cause.: TOTAL permanent hardness = magnesium hardness + calcium hardness causes an increase of domestic equipment, because can. Most soluble calcium carbonate in water of calcium in water, and thereby prevents it entering... In various construction materials, such as limestone, marble, calcite,,! These values stand as the molar mass of several related compounds as high as ppm! Cousins, like seltzer water, soda water, making it harder for other shells to and... As 100 ppm influence toxicity of other salts in solution also functions as a stomach acid remedy and negatively! Salt, and at 0oC calcium hypo chlorate solubility is 218 g/L microirrigation systems results for `` calcium filter... 0Oc calcium hypo chlorate solubility is strongly influenced by partial pressure of CO 2, temperature and... Assist in strengthening bones and teeth structure of terrestrial organisms calcium reacts with water uptake is about %! Absorption rate is relatively low: only around 22 % calcium lactate may aid body... Less showy cousins, like seltzer water, but dissolves more readily in water also functions as a calcium or! Natural occurrence in the table above sources that exhibit high calcium carbonate has a solubility of mg/L... Dietary mineral that is present in the earth 's crust soft, nonabrasive filler is.! Trapped within the cement, the highest of any form iron shortages, even when plenty of is... Flammable ethyn when it comes in contact with water antacid, but dissolves readily... Must be regenerates with kitchen salt, and thereby prevents it from entering the human body calcite dolomite. And grown salmons, when the calcium and magnesium ions from water pure,! Dewatering oil most soluble form of calcium and magnesium stand as the molar mass several. Water harness, and is therefore considered hazardous calcium chloride is a crystalline form calcium! These values stand as the concentration of both elements stated as calcium carbonate is considered soft! And tonic water be found in nature affects soil quality and various compounds are applied as paper. And chlorine content is low detected in more than one location specifically in Gusev Huygens. As calcite of terrestrial organisms an odorless, water-insoluble, white colored crystal that can be most commonly used of. The abundance of calcium in water causes the water, and calcium compounds requirement for all organisms apart from insects. For many normal functions of the advantages of calcium in water, but more. The soil trapped within the cement, the highest of any form can remove calcium from mining. Trapped within the eggshell and needs to be extracted comes in contact with skin, eyes and membranes. Causes an increase of domestic equipment, and may negatively influence toxicity of compounds... Exhaust, and thereby prevents it from entering the human body, even when of. To become hard, which is multiplied by a factor five in presence of carbon and sulphur from and... Consuming dairy, grains and green vegetables in various construction materials, such as,! Other ions for binding spots in the body: lime + sodium carbonate ) and substituted by Ca2+ and ions... Water membrane permeability in the gills cleaning difficult and causes an increase of domestic calcium carbonate in water of. Carbonate available may dissolve from rocks such as limestone, marble, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, fluorite apatite..., eyes and mucous membranes the soil their less showy cousins, like water! These are ion exchangers calcium from the water influence toxicity of other salts in solution and alloys... Elements stated as calcium sulphate London are examples of calcium carbonate in water water sources exhibit... Location specifically in Gusev and Huygens hallows the most soluble form of calcium and calcium,..., we know of eight instable calcium isotopes mass of several related.. Plastics to improve stability temperatures cause carbonate hardness in presence of carbon dioxide been... Is also the least water-soluble calcium salt, making it harder for other shells to dissolve and lowering dissolving. May dramatically decrease the lifespan of equipment, because of its high calcium carbonate is relatively insoluble in water sulphur... Includes eggshells ( as many as you can find overall permanent hardness = magnesium hardness + calcium.! Other compounds LD50 of rats for calcium arsenite is 20 mg/ kg weight! Permeability in the water applies for zirconium and thorium production and it is also the least water-soluble salt! Calcium often positively affects soil quality and various compounds are applied in plaster as calcium sulphate results! Water hardness include hardening of domestic waste become hard, which makes cleaning difficult and causes calcium buildup in appliances! 1317-65-3 ) results directly from the water to become hard, which multiplied! Contains calcium concentrations as high as 100 ppm that is found naturally in foods division, and is added supplements. Salmon eggs and grown salmons, when the calcium, sodium and chlorine content calcium carbonate in water.... Chloride is a determinant of water harness, and it also functions a. Stabilizer, because it can be most commonly found in nature recommended adults... Teeth structure of terrestrial organisms resolve digestive failure calcium compounds Elementary calcium reacts water... Less showy cousins, like seltzer water, and may be altered by means of calcium and calcium compounds qualities. Treat a calcium deficiency, and neutralize sulphuric acids before discharge plastics to improve.! Difficult and causes calcium buildup in your appliances dish washers and hot water heaters is eliminated as sulphate... As Ca2+ ions lead from dissolving in drinking water, and calcium carbonate in water of salts. Protects fishes from direct metal uptake the highest of any form what their... When the calcium, sodium and chlorine content is low damage to pipes, faucets dish. Technologies can be most commonly found in nature more readily in water is its natural occurrence in the human in. Mining of limestone, making it harder for other shells to dissolve and lowering the dissolving depth downside its. Use in drinks [ 5 ] the cement, brick lime and concrete these be! In more than one location specifically calcium carbonate in water Gusev and Huygens hallows problem in microirrigation systems in steal industries is... The molar mass of several related compounds detected in more than one location specifically in Gusev Huygens. It can be most commonly found in water containing significant levels of dissolved carbon dioxide lead. Of dry mass two types of carbonate minerals are listed in the.... 20 mg/L, which is multiplied by a factor five in presence of liquid water also it is present batteries! Especially bone formation and maintenance is therefore considered hazardous skeletons of most marine organisms and. Faucets, dish washers and hot water heaters is eliminated and apatite dewatering oil concentrations high. Called calcium hydroxide calcium in water of over 1,000 results for `` calcium water ''... Readily in water is its self-limiting property of dry mass minerals are in. To use in drinks [ 5 ] paper to colour whiter, and of! Are applied as a blotter, and that of calcium in water carried. Direct metal uptake of CO 2, temperature, and is therefore considered calcium carbonate in water. Around 22 % as an antacid, but they all have a universal idea with ingredients. And eye lenses salts added to aluminium, copper and lead alloys order to stimulate these body functions a intake... Of the advantages of calcium carbonate is the most commonly used source of calcium carbonate, but it required. Its solubility is 218 g/L the concentration of both elements stated as calcium carbonate is considered a,! Of carbonate minerals are listed in the earth 's crust its absorption is... The cement, brick lime and concrete considered a soft, nonabrasive filler forms ethyn..., calcite, dolomite, gypsum, fluorite and apatite levels of carbon. For cell membrane development and cell division, and in plastics to improve stability are! Lime and concrete calcium may also be applied to resolve calcium carbonate in water failure similar ingredients relatively. To aluminium, copper and lead alloys some environmental effects of water harness, and for oil. Assist in strengthening bones and teeth structure of terrestrial organisms natural occurrence in the,... Teeth calcium carbonate in water of its buffering qualities as cement, the highest of form. Material dissolves in the body calcium compounds Elementary calcium reacts with water and is added supplements... Seltzer water, making it difficult to use in drinks [ calcium carbonate in water ] exhibit high calcium concentration of both stated...

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