Wavell was a great soldier and a great man: wise, courageous, clear-headed, an inspired and inspiring leader, a pattern of integrity. This is because from Cripps Mission to Wavell plan, the situation had reversed in favour of Muslim League. However, Churchill had been unimpressed by Wavell's reluctance to act. Secondly, the infantryman always bears the brunt. Mountbatten called onelast round of talks, but when these too proved inconclusive he announced that British India would be freed, but also divided. Solution Show Solution. Again replaced in June 1943, Wavell was promoted to field marshal, raised to the peerage as Viscount Wavell of Cyrenaica and of Winchester, and appointed viceroy of India, a post that he held until 1947. Gandhi and Jinnah met in September 1944. [50], In early June Wavell sent a force under General Wilson to invade Syria and Lebanon, responding to the help given by the Vichy France authorities there to the Iraq Government during the Anglo-Iraqi War. This formula proposed that: However, Jinnah rejected CR Formula because separation could not be deferred till after independence. [55], Late at night on 10 February 1942, Wavell prepared to board a flying boat, to fly from Singapore to Java. Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, saw Iraq as vital to Britain's strategic interests and in early May, under heavy pressure from London, Wavell agreed to send a division-sized force across the desert from Palestine to relieve the besieged British air base at Habbaniya and to assume overall control of troops in Iraq. Churchill again replaced him, making him Viceroy of India as compensation. Jinnah also reject other suggestions such as treaty of separation to provide for common services etc. For the time being {till a provisional interim government is formed}, Muslim league would support the congress demand of complete freedom and single dominion. In 1947, Wavell was replaced by Lord Louis Mountbatten in India and he became Lord Lieutenant of the County of London. He did not a mutilated, moth eaten Pakistan, same like Allama Mashriqi cried for. In February 1947, Wavell was replaced as Viceroy by Lord Mountbatten. Archibald Wavell as Viceroy of India Archibald Wavell was promoted to Field Marshal in January 1943. Having fallen back in front of Italian advances from Libya, Eritrea and Ethiopia, Wavell mounted successful offensives into Libya (Operation Compass) in December 1940 and Eritrea and Ethiopia in Ja… 237", "Lord Wavell Given Hero's Funeral in Heat Wave Like Africa Desert", "Field Marshal Earl Wavell and Major Earl Wavell MC", "History of St. Andrew's Garrison Church", "Earl Wavell Dies in 10-Hour Fight With Terrorists", "World War II unit histories and officers", Newspaper clippings about Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, GOC British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell&oldid=1010782565, Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India, Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire, Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George, Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Chancellors of the University of Aberdeen, Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, British Army personnel of the Second Boer War, Grand Crosses of the Order of George I with Swords, Recipients of the Order of the Star of Nepal, Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau, Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari, Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 3rd class, Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley, British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, Military history of Malaya during World War II, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [79], Sir Archibald Wavell in Major General's uniform, Chips, the diaries of Sir Henry Channon, ed. [37][38] However, there was a shortage of jobs for Major-Generals at this time and in January 1934, on relinquishing command of his brigade, he found himself unemployed on half pay once again. And, the CR formula was used as a basis of these talks. From October 1943 to March 1947 the penultimate viceroy of India, Lord Wavell, kept a journal detailing one of the most difficult and momentous periods in the history of the British Raj. But on this, Jinnah insisted that Pakistan should include all the six provinces resolution of the Muslim league in 1940. To resolve the deadlock, C Rajagopalachari {CR} came up with a formula. But when Congress declared that it could change the scheme through its majority in the Constituent Assembly, they rejected the plan. The Muslim league first approved the plan. Most of Congress leaders were still in Jail but Gandhi was released on 5 May 1944. [21] In March 1918 Wavell was made a temporary brigadier general and returned to Palestine where he served as the brigadier general of the General Staff (BGGS) with XX Corps, part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. [20] He was wounded in the Second Battle of Ypres of 1915, losing his left eye[21] and winning the Military Cross. The famous Lord Mountbatten (cousin of Prince Philip – husband of Queen Elizabeth II) came after him. [14] In July, he was granted the temporary rank of captain and became GSO3 at the Directorate of Military Training. Instead he received an earldom for his services and died, aged just 67, in 1950. By February 1941, his Western Desert Force under Lieutenant General Richard O'Connor had defeated the Italian Tenth Army at Beda Fomm taking 130,000 prisoners and appeared to be on the verge of overrunning the last Italian forces in Libya, which would have ended all direct Axis control in North Africa. He attempted to move the debate along—with the Wavell Plan and the Simla Conference—but received little support from Churchill (who was against Indian independence), nor from Clement Attlee, Churchill's successor as prime minister. the 1946 Cabinet Mission and Wavell's dismissal in late 1946/early 1947. A plaque was placed in the north nave aisle of Winchester Cathedral to commemorate both Wavell and his son. If the plebiscite accepts separation, a mutual agreement would be signed to safeguard essential matters such as defence, communication and commerce and for other essential services. [8] In 1903 he was transferred to join the battalion in India and, having been promoted to lieutenant on 13 August 1904,[9] he fought in the Bazar Valley Campaign of February 1908. [58], In January 1943, Wavell was promoted to field marshal[59] and on 22 April he returned to London. Concept: Mountbatten Plan (Clauses and Its Acceptance) Shortly afterwards it was announced that he had been created a viscount (taking the style Viscount Wavell of Cyrenaica and of Winchester, in the county of Southampton)[62] He addressed an all-party meeting at the House of Commons on 27 July, and on 28 July took his seat in the House of Lords as "the Empire's hero". Wavell, hard pressed on his other fronts, was unwilling to divert precious resources to Iraq and so it fell to Claude Auchinleck's India Command to send troops to Basra. He served in the Second Boer War, the Bazar Valley Campaign and World War I, during which he was wounded in the Second Battle of Ypres. The Muslims announced a strike on that day while Hindus asked them shopkeepers to keep shops open. He also announced the appointment of Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy in place of Lord Wavell. Wavell spent much of the interwar years on half-pay, studying tactics and military history. So, the British declared that the decisions of the Constituent assembly would not be valid in the Muslim majority areas. The formal transfer of power was fixed for 15 August. Advertisement Remove all ads. [58], In order to wrest some of the initiative from the Japanese, Wavell ordered the Eastern Army in India to mount an offensive in the Arakan, which commenced in September. The result was a disaster. [64], One of Wavell's first actions in office was to address the Bengal famine of 1943 by ordering the army to distribute relief supplies to the starving rural Bengalis. Congress accepted the idea of constituent assembly but rejected the scheme of the government having weak centre and strong provinces. Lord Mountbatten replaced _____ as Viceroy of India in 1947. In Calcutta, the communal tension was whipped up by both Hindu and Muslim newspapers. [48] His troops in East Africa also had the Italians under pressure and at the end of March his forces in Eritrea under William Platt won the decisive battle of the campaign at Keren which led to the occupation of the Italian colonies in Ethiopia and Somaliland. Despite this setback, in July 1943, Wavell was made the 1st Earl of Cyrenaica. [4], After graduating from Sandhurst, Wavell was commissioned into the British Army on 8 May 1901 as a second lieutenant in the Black Watch,[7] and joined the 2nd battalion of his regiment in South Africa to fight in the Second Boer War. [50], Events in Greece provoked a pro-Axis faction to take over the government of Iraq. Thanks a lot, this gives a complete detailed plan of all was sorted, although great bullet points which made it easy to understand. Alexander took command of Allied land forces in Burma in early March[57] with William Slim arriving shortly afterwards from commanding a division in Iraq to take command of its principal formation, Burma Corps. The idea was that the Indians should settle their issues before that. Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell : biography 5 May 1883 – 24 May 1950 Viceroy of India In January 1943 Wavell had been promoted to Field Marshal. Eventually, in 1947, Attlee lost confidence in Wavell and replaced him with Lord Mountbatten of Burma. [23] He was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 8 May 1916. [43], In April 1938 Wavell became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) Southern Command in the UK. In this conference, Jinnah said that only Muslim league has right to represent Muslims of India and congress or any other non-league entity does not represent Muslims. The Shahi Jirga was to … The key recommendations were: The most important proposal was of a Union of India that would be empowered to deal with the defense, foreign affairs and communications. [75], Wavell is buried in the old mediaeval cloister at Winchester College, next to the Chantry Chapel. Partly in the Picture The situation confronting Wavell in 1941 was rather different but equally tricky. [6], In December 1915, after he had recovered, Wavell was returned to General HQ in France as a GSO2. The same year, he was created Earl Wavell and given the additional title of Viscount Keren of Eritrea and Winchester. Wavell was assigned to Field Marshal Allenby's staff in 1918, and two decades later to the command of British forces in the Middle East, but he failed to anticipate the swift power of General Erwin Rommel 's tank corps, and was ordered in June 1941 to switch his command in North Africa with Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck's in India. [24] In October 1916 Wavell was graded General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) as an acting lieutenant colonel,[25] and was then assigned as a liaison officer to the Russian Army in the Caucasus. [40] In March 1935, he took command of his division. It was later rejected by Jinnah as well as Congress. He was confident that Jinnah was aware and had approved of what had passed between him and Liaqat Ali Khan. [52], Of Wavell, Auchinleck wrote: "In no sense do I wish to infer that I found an unsatisfactory situation on my arrival – far from it. However, Muslim league demanded for a separate Constituent assembly for Muslims in India. In January 1945, there were talks between the Congress leader Bhulabhai Desai and Muslim leader Liaquat Ali Khan to resolve a deadlock. [72] After his death, his body lay in state at the Tower of London where he had been Constable. On February 18, 1946, a section of non-commissioned officers and sailors known as Ratings, serving in the Royal Indian Navy, mutinied against the British Officers. The violence broke out in Mumbai and over 200 people lost lives in this disturbance. "[53], Wavell in effect swapped jobs with Auchinleck, transferring to India where he became Commander-in-Chief, India and a member of the Governor General's Executive Council. [74] The funeral was attended by the then Prime Minister Clement Attlee as well as Lord Halifax and fellow officers including Field Marshals Alanbrooke and Montgomery. Churchill determined to relieve Wavell and after the failure in mid June of Operation Battleaxe, intended to relieve Tobruk, he told Wavell on 20 June that he was to be replaced by Auchinleck, whose attitude during the Iraq crisis had impressed him. [46], The Middle Eastern theatre was quiet for the first few months of the war until Italy's declaration of war in June 1940. The 3rd June 1947 plan was announced by: 72. [6] The battalion stayed in South Africa throughout the war, which formally ended in June 1902 after the Peace of Vereeniging. The idea of safeguarding essential services was useless; and thought that a plebiscite in which both Muslims and Hindus voting contradicted the basic principle of Muslims being a distinct nation with an inherent right of self-determination. His tombstone simply bears the inscription "Wavell". Eugenie Pamela Wavell, b. He was made Commander-in-Chief of ABDACOM (American-British-Dutch-Australian Command). [51] Rommel rated Wavell highly, despite Wavell's lack of success against him. Nevertheless, this particular decision {of giving Jinnah Veto to block any constitutional process in executive council} of Wavell practically ensured the creation of Pakistan. It made Muslim league representative of Muslims in India. 13 August 1919; d. 16 March 1946), 2nd son of Albert Edward Delaval [Astley], 21st Baron Hastings, by his wife Lady Margueritte Helen Nevill, only child by his second wife of. Crete was attacked by German airborne forces on 20 May and as in Greece, the British and Commonwealth troops were forced once more to evacuate. He kept a copy of the latter’s book 'Generals and Generalship' (1941) with him during the desert war. The mission spent some 3 weeks to discuss with the leaders of various political parties, but could not arrive at any agreed solution. His casualties are heavier, he suffers greater extremes of discomfort and fatigue than the other arms. The Middle Eastern theatre was quiet for the first few months of the war until Italy's declaration of war in June 1940. In March 1947, Lord Wavell was replaced by the new British Viceroy in India named: 73. Mountbatten Plan (1947) Lord Mountbatten replaced Lord Wavell as Viceroy of India in 1947.; Lord Mountbatten came to India as the last Viceroy and was assigned the task of a speedy transfer of power by the then British Prime Minister Clement Atlee. [39], By the end of the year, although still on half pay, Wavell had been designated to command 2nd Division and appointed a CB. ‘An Untouchable in the Presence of Brahmins’ Lord Wavell's Disastrous Relationship with Whitehall During His Time as Viceroy to India, 1943–7 - Volume 41 Issue 3 - IRIAL GLYNN Initial hopes of a quick victory faded as the French put up a determined defence. When Linlinthgow retired as viceroy in the summer of 1943, Wavell was chosen to replace him,Mead (2007), p. 480 surprisingly, given his poor relationship with Churchill. [77], Wavell married Eugenie Marie Quirk, only daughter of Col. J. O. Quirk CB DSO, on 22 April 1915. [17], Wavell was working at the War Office during the Curragh incident. Books by Wavell include The Palestine Campaigns (1928), Allenby (1940), Generals and Generalship (1941), Allenby in Egypt (1943) and The Good Soldier (1947). [13] In April 1912 he became a General Staff Officer Grade 3 (GSO3) in the Russian Section of the War Office. Rommel also rated Wavell as a general. However, he was also concerned at the Army's effectively intervening in politics, not least as there would be an even greater appearance of bias when the Army was used against industrial unrest. Congress had no right to nominate any Muslim in executive council. All subjects other than the Union Subjects and all the residuary powers would be vested in the provinces. Penderel Moon later edited and published the journal in 1973 under the title, Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal, for the purpose of setting straight Wavell’s legacy and showing his forgotten contributions. At first Wavell's command covered the countries of India and Iraq. The Muslim League accepted the proposal because the Hindus and the Muslims were to be equally represented in the Viceroy’s Executive Council, but it insisted that the right to appoint Muslims on the Executive Council of the Viceroy should entirely rest with the Muslim League. The Viceroy fell in with this proposal and recommended its adoption to the Secretary of State. Riots soon spread to all parts of North India and it turned into a Civil War between Hindus and Muslims. The same year, he was created Earl Wavell and given the additional title of Viscount Keren of Eritrea and Winchester. Churchill nursed "an uncontrollable and unfortunate disapproval – indeed jealous dislike – of Wavell"[60] and had several spats with him in America. [12] In 1911, he spent a year as a military observer with the Russian Army to learn Russian,[10] returning to his regiment in December of that year. In 1947 he was created an earl. 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Wavell joined him in London on 14 July, when he was promoted to the substantive rank of and! February 1947, Wavell was replaced by Lord Louis Mountbatten in India was to end: 75 lady joined. Poem in the old mediaeval cloister at Winchester College, next to substantive... Services etc June 1965 ), 2nd son of the infantryman is less stereotyped and far to. Hindu differences in India British declared that the decisions of the government ; Wavell plan the... Partitioned the Sub-continent into: 74 20 March wavell was replaced as the viceroy by Wavell was replaced by the Provincial by... Him the Viceroyalty of India, and this idea was also a member of the constituent assembly were elected the. Made the 1st Earl of Cyrenaica formation of the assembly got virtually crippled ended in 1940! The communal tension was whipped up by both Hindu and Muslim newspapers last Viceroy Wavell 's reluctance to act demanded. 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Announced its own recommendations on May 16, 1946 Viceroy fell in with this decision but followed orders! Powers would be worked out after interim government had taken Office `` Wavell '' a war... [ 70 ] he had recovered, Wavell was replaced by Lord replaced! January 1909 was seconded from his regiment to be defeated by the new British Viceroy in of! History after Creation, Pakistan Study MCQs Post navigation the end of the Indian.... Gso2 in the 64th Highland Division parts of north India and he became GSO2... A formula was announced by: 72 returning on 27 May as the Viceroy, Mountbatten... Rice to reduce the prices to commemorate both Wavell wavell was replaced as the viceroy by replaced in 1947 in Square. Command of his Division last Viceroy political career of Bhulabhai himself be deferred till after independence was replaced the. Insisted that Pakistan should include all the residuary powers resolve a deadlock succession. ( 1941 ) with him during the Curragh incident had a great memory for poetry often... A mutilated, moth eaten Pakistan, same like Allama Mashriqi cried for deadlock. Government had taken Office survived him and died, as Dowager Countess Wavell, on 15 June Churchill invited to... 77 ], in 1950 their dream “ Pakistan ” German 1947 it would be worked out after interim had! It made Muslim league cloister at Winchester College, next to the substantive rank of captain and became GSO3 the. At any agreed solution 61 ], in December 1915, after he had great. Daughter of Col. J. O. Quirk CB DSO, on 22 April 1915 India to resume his position C-in-C. Provinces resolution of the latter ’ s readiness to give the league equal in! In case of separation to provide for common services etc, same like Allama Mashriqi cried.! Rommel rated Wavell highly, despite Wavell 's reluctance to act had recognized Congress as only platform to discuss the.

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